7 ноября 2013 года
Полезные слва и фразы, которые можно использовать в сочинении:
How to express your opinion
1) I agree/ I disagree
2) In my opinion, .../ From my point of view, .../ As far as I'm concerned, ...
3) I believe that.../ It seems to me that...
4) I am in favour of.../ I am against the idea of...
5) According to...
6) Some people say that...
7) It is said/believed that...
8) There is no doubt that...
9) It cannot be denied that...
10) It goes without saying that...
11) We must admit that...
12) However, .../..., though
13) ...although.../ ...even though...
14) Nevertheless, ...
Giving arguments
1) The main argument in favour / against is...
2) First of all, I should like to consider...
3) The first thing to be considered is...
4) To begin with.../To start with...
5) Despite the fact that.../ In spite of the fact that...
6) On the one hand,.../ On the other hand,...
7) Besides,.../ In addition,...
8) What is more,.../ Moreover,.../ More than that, ...
9) What matters most in this case is...
10) Finally, ...
Выражение причинно-следственной связи:
1) for this reason
2) therefore/ that is why
3) thus
4) something happened a) because of
b) as a result of
c) owing to
d) due to
e) as a consequence of
Giving examples:
1) for example
2) for instance
3) such as
4) like
Making a conclusion:
1) To sum up, ...
2) To conclude, ...
3) In conclusion, I would like to stress that...
4) All in all, I believe that...
5 ноября 2013 года
Рекомендации к составлению высказывания с элементами рассуждения
При написании сочинения с элементами рассуждения необходимо придерживаться следующих правил.
1. Используйте формальный стиль письма, а именно:
а) не используйте сокращённых форм, таких как don't или can't;
б) не используйте скобки и восклицателбные знаки - это свойственно неформальному стилю письма;
в) не начинайте предложение со слов and, but или also. В разговорном языке вы можете их использовать, но избегайте этого в формальном сочинении;
г) не употребляйте вводные слова , характерные для неформального стиля (well, you know и т.д.)
д) избегайте слишком простых предложений. Объединяйте простые предложения в сложные, используя логические средства связи.
2. Разделите текст сочинения на смысловые абзацы в соответствии с предложенным в задании планом.
3.Сочинения-рассуждения могут быть двух типов: "ваше мнение" или "за и против". Очень важно определить тип письменного высказывания и построить его в соответствии с планом.
1) В первом абзаце сформулируйте проблему, которую вы будете обсуждать, однако не повторяйте тему сочинения слово в слово. Представьте, что ваш читатель не знает, о чём пойдёт речь, и попытайтесь объяснить ему проблему другими словами.
2) Выделите положительные и отрицательные аспекты проблемы и подумайте о разумных аргументах в поддержку обеих точек зрения. Помните, что вы должны выразить не только свою точку зрения, но и мнение ваших потенциальных оппонентов. Постарайтесь соблюсти баланс между абзацами.
3) В сочинении "за и против" во втором абзаце необходимо привести минимум два развёрнутых аргумента "за", а в третьем абзаце минимум два развёрнутых аргумента "против".
В сочинении "ваше мнение" во втором абзаце следует сформулировать свою точку зрения по предложенной проблеме, чётко обозначив её различные аспекты (социальные, экономические, моральные), и подкрепить её минимум двумя развёрнутыми аргументами. В третьем абзаце необходимо привести противоположные мнения по проблеме и объяснить, почему вы сними не согласны, подкрепляя своё мнение развёрнутыми аргументами.
4) Используйте слова-связки, чтобы помочь читателям проследить за логикой ваших рассуждений. Помните, что вводные слова выделяются запятыми.
5) В заключительном абзаце сделайте обобщающий вывод по проблеме, которую вы обсуждали. Это покажет, что вы рассматриваете своё сочинение как единое целое. Вы можете также окончательно сформулировать своё мнение и/или предложить пути решения данной проблемы.
3. Убедитесь, что объём сочинения составляет 200-250 слов. Если в вашем сочинении менее 180 слов, оно проверяться не будет. При превышении заданного объёма более, чем на 25 слов, проверке подлежит только та часть работы, которая соответствует заданному объёму.
4. Ещё раз перечитайте своё сочинение и проверьте грамматику, орфографию и пунктуацию, так как это задание оценивается по 5 критериям.
An Opinion Essay
Should School Uniforms Be Abolished?
Is it a good idea for students not to wear a uniform? While abolishing school uniforms allows for freedom of expression and individuality , I believe that uniforms are very important in a number of ways.
Firstly, school uniforms make it easy for students to dress every morning. Teenagers do not have to spend countless hours searching for something to wear.
Moreover, even though uniforms are initially quite expensive, they save parents lots of money in the long run because they do not have to buy their children the latest trends. In addition to this, wearing the same clothes make children from different economic backgrounds feel equal.
On the other hand, many students argue that a uniform prevents them from expressing themselves and revealing their personality through clothing. Also, some children state that they do not feel comfortable in uniforms. For instance, they dislike the look or the cut. Despite this, many still find ways of adjusting their uniforms to their liking, by rolling up their sleeves or flipping up their collars for example.
In conclusion, I strongly believe that uniforms are important for displaying unity and give children a sense of loyalty to their school. School uniforms do not hurt students' individuality or need for self-expression. Many schools have a choice of uniforms, so teenagers can express themselves in a small way. For me, school uniforms play a valuable part in school life as they help build school spirit and introduce a feeling of belonging.
Dear friends! Start getting ready for your Russian National Exam!
Прочитайте рассказ и выполните задания А15-А21. В каждом задании обведите цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному вами варианту ответа.English is spreading fast and it has been predicted that one in ten of the world's 6000 languages will become extinct over the next century. Up to half of the world's languages are no longer being taught to children, threatening them with eventual extinction. Even countries with millions of native language speakers are so worried by the growth of English that they have devised policies to fight back.
The French have brought in regulations to combat what they see as an American cultural invasion. Corporations and government bodies are not allowed to use English terms where there are French equivalents. In order to protect local languages and culture, the European Union introduced new legislation, which states that half of the TV programmes shown must be European.
It is especially difficult to hold back the tide of English words in hi-tech industries because many of the innovations are American. Until recently all university subjects in Malaysia were taught in Malay. Now, however, universities have had to make exceptions for Information Technology, as the majority of IT books are in English and they simply do not have the time or resources to translate them.
Today there is another medium to worry about: the Internet. English accounts for 90 per cent of traffic and the World Wide Web will only accelerate its spread around the world. Most communication on the Net is written, so it needn't pose the same threat to regional accents and dialects, which may help to prevent the disappearance of minority languages.
English is not exactly the same the world over: you only have to compare American and British English to realise that. The Net, too, is an instrument of change. Because Net communication is mainly written, many people use abbreviations to speed things up and this trend means the language is evolving with Internet use.
Languages have their own dynamics and there is little governments can do to change their course. In 18th century Germany , Frederick II set up a commission to get rid of French words from German. It failed because the dynamics of a language come from the bottom up rather than from the top down.
English will continue to spread and evolve with the Net but people will still speak their own languages. In most cases they'll use English for electronic communication, but native languages at home. Languages are more than just a means of communication: they are also an important part of regional cultures and identities and they do not disappear easily.
A15. According to the writer, one reason why some languages will become extinct is that
1) English has become the first language in some countries.
2) there are not enough language teachers.
3) young people are not learning them.
4) they are not spoken all the time.
A16. The French government introduced regulations in order to
1) restrict the number of English films on television.
2) increase the number of native language speakers.
3) control the amount of American English spoken.
4) limit the use of English words.
A17. What does "they" refer to in the third paragraph?
1) university subjects.
2) Malaysian universities.
3) exceptions.
4) IT textbooks.
A18. The writer says that as a result of the Internet some languages might
1) become more widespread.
2) be saved from extinction.
3) only be used in written form.
4) no longer be used on radio and television.
A19. According to the writer, what effect will the Internet have on English?
1) English on the Internet could soon be difficult to understand.
2) English will be quicker to read.
3) British English words will not be used on the Internet.
4) The appearance of English could change considerably on the Internet.
A20. What does the writer mean when he says "the dynamics of a language come from the bottom up rather than the top down?
1) People, not governments, determine what happens to a language.
2) Changes in language are not determined by how powerful a country is.
3) The least frequent words of a language are the first to change.
4) Unwanted foreign words disappear naturally.
A21. Faced with the dominance of English, what does the writer think will happen to the world's other languages?
1) Most of them will die out.
2) They will only be spoken at home.
3) Many will exist alongside English.
4) They will consist mainly of English words.
The Answers:
A15. 3
A16. 4
A17. 2
A18. 2
A19. 4
A20. 1
A21. 3
Test # 1
Can you identify and correct the wrongly used word in each of the following sentences?
1. Make sure you don't loose the shopping list.
2. Did he complement you on your new hairdo?
3. He says he got the scar in a dual.
4. I bought this copper jug in an oriental bizarre.
5. When the final cord had faded, the audience burst into enthusiastic applause.
The Key:
1. lose (терять) вместо loose (рыхлый, слабый)
2. compliment (делать комплимент) вместо complement (дополнять)
3. duel (дуэль) вместо dual (двойной, удвоенный)
4. bazzar (базар) вместо bizzare (странный. необычный; броский; своенравный; искажённый)5. chord (аккорд) вместо cord (шнур, верёвка, бечёвка, шпагат)
Test #2
Choose the correct word.
happy or lucky ?
1. Philip lost his wallet while we were out walking, but we were _______ enough to find it again on the way back.
2. You don't look very ________ - is anything wrong?
3. We are so ____ together. I just think we were incredibly _____ to find each other.
4. Since he lost all his money on the stock market and his wife left him, he's never been _____ .
5. Stop looking so miserable. You should count yourself ______ they gave you the job!
1. lucky
2. happy
3. happy; lucky
4. happy
5. lucky (to count oneself lucky - считать, что тебе повезло)
happy - (внутренне) счастливый
to be lucky - иметь удачу, быть удачливым
lucky star - счастливая звезда
lucky day - счастливый день
lucky charm - талисман
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